The core working principle of a vertical condenser is to achieve the cooling and condensation of steam by utilizing the countercurrent contact of the gas and liquid phases in a vertical space.

The specific working process is as follows: the steam to be condensed enters the shell side from the upper inlet of the equipment and flows slowly from top to bottom; the cooling water enters the tube side from the lower inlet of the equipment and flows from bottom to top within the tube bundle, forming a counter-current heat exchange. After the steam comes into contact with the tube wall, it transfers heat to the cooling water inside the tube, its own temperature decreases, and it condenses into a liquid state. The condensate flows downward along the tube wall or the inner wall of the equipment under the action of gravity and is finally discharged from the condensate outlet at the bottom; the cooling water that has absorbed heat flows out from the outlet at the top of the equipment.

This vertical structure utilizes gravity to achieve natural drainage of condensate, eliminating the need for an additional drain pump. At the same time, the counter-current heat exchange method can improve heat exchange efficiency, and it is commonly used in ammonia refrigeration systems, steam recovery, and other applications.